Numerical analysis proves that the number of black holes may be unknown in the expanding universe sorae universe portal website

「Black holeIt is expressed in terms of only three factors: mass, charge, and angular momentum (spin), so it is indistinguishable between black holes that have the same values ​​for all three. this”Black hole theory without hairThis is called the hair removal theory. This theory means that Einstein’s equations describing a black hole will only give one answer if the parameters are fixed.Black hole singularity theory“Also connected.” However, it is also known that there are exceptions to the singularity theory.

A research team led by Oscar JC Dias of the University of Southampton has found that if the expansion of the universe is taken into account, two black holes of the same mass would remain at rest while maintaining the same distance from each other, and when viewed, from a distance, state 1 because It looks like you are looking into two black holesI can’t tell if there is one black hole or twoYou’ve shown it. That’s itThe first study shows that the singularity theory does not hold when the mass parameter is constantThis result indicates that black holes are not as simple as the hairless theory suggests.

The black hole has “only three filaments”

A star like the Sun maintains its shape by balancing the overwhelming force of gravity and the pressure created by nuclear fusion in the core. However, when nuclear fusion fuel runs out, there is no longer any force to resist gravity, resulting in a “gravitational collapse” in which the nucleus collapses. The future fate depends on the mass of the star, and in the case of a star much heavier than the Sun, no other force can resist gravity and it will collapse indefinitely. The celestial body created in this way is a “black hole.”

In the case of ordinary stars and planets, there are a myriad of factors such as their constituent elements, size, mass, shape, color, and temperature. On the other hand, black holes are known to have properties so simple that they can all be expressed using just three factors: mass, charge, and angular momentum. Physicist John Wheeler compared the fact that when a star is attracted to collapse, it loses most of its features, to a black hole with only three filaments, and called this “theory.”

Observations of gravitational waves generated by merging black holes revealed that the properties of black holes agree with the trichome theory, so the oscillation theory is considered correct. This means that two black holes cannot be distinguished if they have the same three factors: mass, charge, and angular momentum. (※) . This also leads to another theory related to black holes, the “black hole singularity theory.”

*…To be more precise, black holes also have factors such as their location in three-dimensional space and the direction of their movement. However, this does not affect the bald theorem or the singularity theorem because they can be treated as zero if the criterion is set appropriately.

Black holes are celestial objects that were originally predicted by solving Einstein’s equations, equations of the theory of general relativity that describe space and time. If the singularity theory is correct, then if we fix the values ​​of mass, charge, and angular momentum and analyze the equation, Einstein’s equation will give only one answer. This hypothesis is important in exploring the properties of black holes.

■ The problems caused by black holes are very simple

The fact that there are only a few parameters that represent a black hole means that most of the parameters of the object that falls into the black hole are also missing. Since even light cannot escape from a black hole, “information” about the body’s parameters will disappear from the universe, but this contradicts the fundamental principle of physics that prohibits the disappearance of information. Even if we believe that information is stored inside black holes, we know that there are various theoretical difficulties. The question “What happens to information that falls into a black hole?” is an important unsolved problem in physics, that is”The black hole information paradox” he is called.

Theoretical research on the properties of black holes, especially in solving information paradoxes,Are black holes really as simple as suggested by hairlessness and singularity theory?Research is also being conducted on this question. One well-known example is that the singularity theory breaks down if we assume the existence of a “field” in which energy is transferred.

For example, black holes have a charge coefficient. Based on the well-known property that positive and negative electricity repel each other, if two black holes were charged with different poles, the attractive force of gravity and the repulsive force of the charges would be balanced, and they would not approach or separate. It is expected that there will be times when the service is suspended. If you look at a black hole in this case from a distance, it will appear that there is only one black hole with the sum of the charge and masses of the two black holes. This means that we cannot know how many black holes there actually are. This is an example of how solving Einstein’s equation when the mass and charge parameters are constant does not necessarily lead to a single answer.

As another attempt, somewhat related to the above, there are several attempts to identify new “hairs” on black holes. A field is also assumed in this case, but this is combined with an extended theory to fill in the gaps in modern physics, so there cannot be said to be a consensus on this point.

RELATED: Black Hole’s ‘Fourth Hair’? Possibility of ‘vortex’ appears (September 17, 2022)

Proof of the existence of a balanced double black hole in the expanding universe

Dias and his team found that gradually changing the assumption that spacetime is flat, a prerequisite for the stability of the singularity theory, to be consistent with the real universe, leads to another violation of the singularity theory. Cases exist. Spacetime is gradually becoming flatter, which simply means that the universe is neither expanding nor contracting. However, this assumption does not apply to the real universe, as observations have proven that the real universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.

The expansion of the universe acts as a repulsive force that separates the distance between celestial bodies. In such a case, as with the electric charge example mentioned above, when the attractive force acting on the two black holes balances the repulsive force of the expansion of the universe, the state would be at rest, and when viewed from a distance, it would be distinguishable from a single black hole, It is expected that this will not be possible. Another property is that, unlike examples such as electric charges, it is not necessary to assume an energy-carrying field to create this balanced state.

However, although it is easy to envision a balance between the repulsive force resulting from the expansion of the universe and the attractive force resulting from gravity, such an answer has not yet emerged. This is because two theories show mathematically that it is possible to derive a solution to Einstein’s equation when there is one black hole, but it is impossible to derive the solution when there are two black holes. For this reason, Dias et al.Numerical analysis methodWe used this to calculate black hole behavior under these assumptions.

Results,The expansion of the universe due to two black holes and the gravitational balance is already occurring, and when observed from a distance it is indistinguishable from a single black hole.It has been shown mathematically. This is the first example of a violation of the singularity theorem, since even if we fix only the mass parameter, there is no single solution to Einstein’s equations. By applying this study, it was found that two black holes with the mass of the sun can be stationary from each other when separated by hundreds of light years.

At first glance this may seem to contradict the previous theory that it is impossible to derive the solution. However, Dias and others pointed out that one of the two theories has a logical contradiction in its proof, and the other theory has restrictive assumptions, which indicates that the results of this study are not binding on that theory, which is what they did.

■Are there balanced double black holes?

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This finding is a new study that shows that black holes are not that simple. Specific examples of singularity theory violations such as these provide important information for research exploring the properties of black holes.

However, Dias and his colleagues believe that such a double black hole does not exist in the actual universe. Repulsion from the expansion of the universe and attraction from gravity can only be balanced if two black holes are placed at a specific distance. Just as if you put a ball on the top of a mountain and move even a little, it will roll down. If the black holes move even a little and change the distance between them, will they get closer to each other or will they separate? Any fate will follow. In addition to the movement of the black holes themselves, the distance between them will change due to the gravitational forces of other celestial bodies.

But if the black holes rotate or have a strong electrical charge, another situation arises that stabilizes the distance between the black holes, and there is a possibility of a balanced double black hole. Although the probability that actual black holes in the universe have a strong electrical charge is thought to be low, they are known to rotate at high speeds, and the relationship in that case may also change. The next goal of Dias and others is to perform a numerical analysis of rotating black holes.

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Written by Riri Aya