Since the “Higgs field collapse” did not occur in the current universe, could there be no “primordial black hole”? |. sorae Universe Gateway Website

It is the basis of the present cosmic environment and the source of mass of all elementary particles.Higgs field“(※1)It is said to have been created very early on, right after the birth of the universe, and has not changed at all since then. On the other hand, there are also predictions that the Higgs field in the present universe is not completely stable, but in fact remains in a metastable state. If the present Higgs field is in a metastable state, there is a non-zero probability that it will collapse to a more stable state. In that case, all structures as we know them will collapse. That is”Higgs field collapse“, also called “false collapse of the vacuum”.

*1…Strictly speaking, there is mass generated that has nothing to do with the Higgs field, like the mass generated when elementary particles move at light speeds, but if you trace the origin of that, you end up with mass generated in the Higgs field, so that's the explanation.

The research team, led by Louis Hamid of King's College London, discovered that “primordial black hole“We have shown theoretically that its evaporation generates enough energy to collapse the metastable Higgs field. However, the number of primordial black holes predicted by some cosmological models is very large, which is inconsistent with the current situation that the Higgs field has not collapsed for about 13.8 billion years of history. In other words, from this result,Some cosmological models that assume the creation of large numbers of primordial black holes have been ruled out.That's it.

Conversely, if there is a primordial black hole, there must be some unknown physical process preventing the Higgs field from collapsing. In that case, the discovery suggests the existence of a completely unknown elementary particle or interaction, so it would be necessary to rewrite current physics.

■هل هناك أي ظواهر تؤدي إلى انهيار مجال هيغز؟

في عام 1964، دافع بيتر هيجز، وفرانسوا أنجلر، وآخرون عن «الفكرة».آلية هيجز“هي نظرية أساسية تشرح أصل كتلة جميع الجسيمات الأولية. في آلية هيجز،مجال هيجز'' يملأ الكون، والجسيمات الأولية الموجودة هناك لها كتلة. في تجربة أجريت في مصادم الهادرونات الكبير (LHC) في عام 2012،جسيم هيغزتم تأكيد وجود مجال هيغز من خلال اكتشاف(※2)حصل هيغز وأنجلر على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 2013 لمساهمتهما في اقتراح آلية هيغز.(※3).

*2…لكي نكون أكثر دقة، جسيم هيغز هو نسخة كمية من مجال هيغز.

*3…ومع ذلك، فإن نفس نظرية آلية هيغز تم اقتراحها أيضًا من قبل باحثين آخرين في نفس الوقت تقريبًا. ويقترح السيد هيجز أن تسمى هذه النظرية “آلية ABEGHHK'tH”، من الأحرف الأولى من اسم السيد هيجز وآخرين، تكريمًا لمؤيديه المعاصرين.

تم إنشاء حقل هيغز ووصل إلى حالته الحالية بعد حوالي جزء من تريليون من الثانية من خلق الكون. يفترض علم الكون القياسي أن مجال هيغز في أكثر حالاته استقرارًا، دون أي تغييرات أخرى. ولكن من الناحية النظرية،ولا يمكن استبعاد أن مجال هيغز الحالي ليس مستقرًا حقًا، بل هو حالة شبه مستقرة يمكن أن تنهار بمرور الوقت.في هذه الحالة، على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن قد تنهار إلى حالة مستقرة حقا. إذا انهار مجال هيغز الحالي، فإن كتل جميع الجسيمات الأولية ستتغير، وسوف تنهار جميع الهياكل في الكون، بما في ذلك أنفسنا. هذه الظاهرةانهيار مجال هيجز“، أو يُطلق عليه أيضًا “الانهيار الكاذب للفراغ”.

ومع ذلك، لا داعي للقلق بشأن انهيار حقل هيغز في الوقت الحالي. بغض النظر عن مدى التشاؤم للتقييم ، يُعتقد أن انهيار حقل Higgs لن يحدث حتى 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 (10 إلى 65 من الطاقة). وقبل ذلك بوقت طويل، توقفت جميع النجوم عن السطوع وتفككت جميع الذرات.(※4). ومع ذلك، نحن مهتمون بمعرفة العوامل التي تؤدي إلى انهيار مجال هيجز.

*4…سيكون بعد 100 تريليون سنة من الآن سيتوقف تكوين النجوم وستصل جميع النجوم إلى نهاية عمرها، وبعد 10 أس 43 سنة من الآن ستضمحل البروتونات، وهي المكونات الرئيسية للذرات يقال .

على سبيل المثال، في حالة مصادم الهدرونات الكبير المذكور أعلاه، كانت هناك مخاوف من إجراء تجارب تصادم الجسيمات عالية الطاقة، مما قد يؤدي إلى إنشاء ثقوب سوداء أو انهيار مجال هيغز. ومع ذلك، فإن اصطدامات الجسيمات ذات الطاقة الأعلى بكثير من مصادم الهادرون الكبير، مثل جسيم يا إلهي وجسيم أماتيراسو، تحدث بشكل متكرر في الكون، ومن الممكن أن ينهار مجال هيغز في مصادم الهادرون الكبير أو تجارب مسرع الجيل التالي. لا داعي للقلق. بل إنه يوضح أن مجال هيجز لا ينهار بسهولة، على الرغم من أن الكثير من الظواهر ذات الطاقة الأعلى تحدث بشكل متكرر في الكون.

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■اتضح أن تبخر الثقب الأسود البدائي يتسبب في انهيار مجال هيجز! لكن……

Against this background, Hamida and his research team focused on the following:primordial black hole“A primordial black hole is an extremely luminous black hole that is thought to have been created in the early universe at the same time as the Higgs field. It is theorized to be part of “dark matter,” the existence of which can only be known through gravity, and that it may have helped form the earliest stars and galaxies, and is known to be an interesting entity in cosmology.

Since primordial black holes are so light, they are thought to gradually lose mass through a process called Hawking radiation, eventually disappearing while emitting a large amount of radiation. This phenomenonBlack hole evaporation“It is called. The evaporation of a primordial black hole is expected to appear as a high-energy phenomenon similar to a supernova explosion when observed from a distance, and observations have been made to confirm the existence of primordial black holes through the evaporation process.

However, given the number of primordial black holes predicted by standard cosmology, it would be natural to observe that primordial black holes would have evaporated long ago, and no candidates have been found. For this reason, there are revised proposals suggesting that the number of primordial black holes is smaller, but others have suggested that the very existence of primordial black holes is merely an illusion.

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Hamid and his colleagues reasoned that the high-energy environment resulting from the evaporation of a primordial black hole might be sufficient to cause the Higgs field to collapse, and conducted a validation study. Current theory suggests that primordial black holes with masses less than a billion tons should have evaporated between the time the Higgs field formed and the present day.

As a result of the investigation, it was found that before the primordial black hole evaporates, a hot spot occurs that is heated to a temperature high enough to cause the Higgs field to collapse. In other words,If primordial black holes do exist, the collapse of the Higgs field will occur at any time during the universe's approximately 13.8 billion-year history.That's all. However, in reality, it appears that the Higgs field has not collapsed.

■Resolving the paradox that the Higgs field has not collapsed

In theory, the Higgs field should collapse at any time, but in reality it does not. There are two possible hypotheses for this discrepancy. The first isThere are far fewer primordial black holes than previously thought, or none at all.This is the hypothesis. In this case, many cosmological models that predict the production of abundant primordial black holes will be rejected. Under this hypothesis, it is necessary to rewrite the cosmology that is the basis of the cosmological model.

The second hypothesis is that the primordial black hole exists and is already evaporating, but the collapse of the Higgs field has not occurred. In this case,Although the conditions are sufficient for the Higgs field to collapse due to evaporation, there is some kind of action that prevents it from collapsing.That's it. This is a phenomenon that is completely unpredictable by current physics, but there are still some unknowns about black hole evaporation, so it's not entirely possible. If this hypothesis is correct, it would be of great importance because it would predict elementary particles and their unknown interactions.

As this paper shows, there are still many mysteries remaining in the universe, from small worlds to large ones, says Lucien Hortier, one of the authors of the study.

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source

• Louis Hamadi, et al. “Primordial black holes are true vacuum nurseries.” (Physics Letters B)
• Lucien Hortier. “The Higgs particle could have ended the universe by now — and that’s why we’re still here.” (The Conversation)

Text / Riri Ayaka Editing / Editorial Department sorae