Discovery of a very distant star ‘Mothra’ New classification of ‘Monster Star’ along with Godzilla | Sorae Portal site to space

In the universe, we cannot observe them with electromagnetic waves including light, and we can only know their existence by means of gravity.dark matter(dark matter)” exists. Little is known about the distribution and nature of dark matter.

A research team led by JM Diego of the Cantabrian Institute of Physics has discovered that a very distant star, EMO J041608.8-240358, observed using the James Webb Space Telescope, is a dark shadow associated with galaxies and galaxy clusters. We found that it is not possible to observe it with matter alone, and that an additional mass of dark matter is needed. Discover a star with such characteristicsGodzilla(Godzilla), so Diego and his colleagues named the newly discovered star.mothra(Mothra) “, and starred with characteristics such as Godzilla and Mothra”monster star(Kaiju star)”.

نجم بعيد جدا “موثرا”

تم العثور على النجم موثرا في الصور التي التقطتها تلسكوب ويب الفضائي في 2022-2023. أيضًا ، يكشف تحليل أرشيف البيانات أن “ تلسكوب هابل الفضائي ” تم التقاطه أيضًا في عام 2014.

تقع موثرا على بعد 17.8 مليار سنة ضوئية من الأرض (※ 1) إنه موجود على مسافة هائلة ، باستثناء الظواهر المؤقتة مثل انفجارات السوبرنوفا ،ثالث أبعد نجم لوحظ على الإطلاقيصبح. عادة ما تكون النجوم البعيدة باهتة جدًا بحيث لا يمكن ملاحظتها. لكن”تأثير عدسة الجاذبيةلقد أصبح من الواضح أنه ليس من المستحيل رؤية مثل هذا النجم إذا كان هناك “.

* 1 … هذه المسافة هي قيمة في “مسافة التحرك المشترك” مع الأخذ في الاعتبار أن الفضاء الخارجي حيث ينتقل الضوء قد تمدد بسبب تمدد الكون. من ناحية أخرى ، فإن مجرد ضرب الوقت الذي يقطعه الضوء يسمى “مسافة انتقال الضوء”.

العدسة المحدبة ، مثل العدسة المكبرة ، لها تأثير تركيز الضوء الذي يمر عبرها إلى نقطة بؤرية ، مما يزيد من سطوع نقطة واحدة مقارنة بعدم وجود أي شيء. أيضًا ، في النسبية العامة ، يتم التعبير عن الجاذبية على أنها تشويه للفضاء ، ويقال أن الضوء ينتقل عبر هذا التشويه. لهذا السبب ، ينحني الضوء المار بالقرب من الجسم السماوي بالجاذبية ويتركز الضوء عند النقطة المحورية. إذا كان هناك مراقب في البؤرة ، فسيظهر الكائن أكثر إشراقًا مما سيكون عليه. هذه الظاهرة تسمى “تأثير العدسة الجاذبية”.

في حالة Mothra ، هناك مجموعة مجرات “MACS J0416.1−403 (M0416)” بين تلسكوب الفضاء Webb وتنحني الجاذبية في اتجاه الضوء المنبعث من Mothra. نتيجة لذلك ، تم تضخيم سطوع موثرا عدة مرات ، مما جعل من الممكن مراقبة النجوم على بعد أكثر من 10 مليارات سنة ضوئية. أيضًا ، تمامًا كما يتم تشويه الصورة التي تُرى بالعدسة المكبرة ، يبدو أن Mothra موجود كنقاط ضوئية متعددة في نطاق ضوئي على شكل قوس بدلاً من نقطة الضوء الفردية المتوقعة أصلاً.

[▲Fig. 2: Ranking of the most distant stars observed alone Mothra was discovered this time and it is the third most distant star (image source RiriSaie)][▲الشكل2:ترتيبالنجومالأكثربعدًاالتيلوحظتوحدهااكتشفموثراهذهالمرةوهوثالثأبعدنجمبعيدًا(مصدرالصورةRiriSaie)】

The “Lensed Star (LS)”, a distant star detected by a gravitational lensing effect, is known as “Godzilla”, “Icarus (MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1)”, and “Earendel (WHL0137-LS).”)”.

■ Mothra and Godzilla “Monster Stars”?

However, it turns out that Mothra’s brightness cannot be explained solely by the gravitational lensing effect of M0416. Based on the observations, Mothra is likely to be a binary star consisting of two stars, one of which is a red giant star with a surface temperature of about 4,700 degrees Celsius and more than 50,000 times brighter than the Sun, and the other about 10,000 times. It is estimated to be a blue giant star with a surface temperature of 4,000 degrees Celsius and a brightness more than 125,000 times that of the Sun. Although it is a fairly bright star, the light has to be boosted more than 4,000 times for the Webb Space Telescope to see it, and M0416’s gravitational lensing just isn’t enough.

Diego and his colleagues believe that an additional gravitational lensing effect by a gravitational source other than M0416 is necessary for the observation of Mothra. in calculating the model,The additional millisecond gravitational effect due to the Sun’s mass is 10,000 to 2.5 million times that (※ 2) It is the best interpretation of the Mothra radiance. However, the gravitational sources that could cause the millennials gravitational effect are not visible in the Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope images. Since it cannot be observed with light, the gravitational source that caused the millennials gravitational effect isA dwarf galaxy whose mass is almost entirely dark matterDiego et al.

* 2 … The mass of any celestial body causing the additive effect of gravitational lensing is assumed to lie somewhere between large-mass gravitational sources such as galaxies and galaxy clusters and small-mass gravitational sources such as stars and planets. Because the gravitational lensing effect produced by a small-mass gravitational source is called the ‘micro-lensing gravitational effect’, this gravitational lensing effect, which appears to be caused by a medium-mass gravitational source, is called the ‘gravitational milli-lens effect’. ”

To date, Godzilla has been the only known star to have an additional gravitational lensing effect in an celestial body that could be called a dark matter cluster. Mr. Diego and others also co-discovered and named Godzilla, and this time they followed suit and named it EMO J041608.8-240358 Mothra. Mothra is not a bright star like Godzilla. (※ 3) , are similar in that they were observed at a long distance of 17.8 billion light-years, and highlighted for the possibility of observation through additional gravitational lensing by dark matter. For this reason, the research teamProposed ‘monstrous stars’ as a classification of distant lensing stars lit by millimeter gravity lensing for dark mattera job.

* 3 … The reason for naming “Godzilla” is that it is estimated to be the brightest “monster” star in the history of observation, with a brightness ranging from 134 to 255 million times the brightness of the Sun. Even today, Godzilla is the only star estimated to be 100 million times brighter than the Sun.

■ Explore the identity of dark matter through monstrous stars

How observable monstrous stars like Mothra and Godzilla are is also relevant to the study of the distribution and identity of dark matter, one of the greatest mysteries of the universe. Most of the dark matter known to date is either contained in visible objects such as galaxies and galaxy clusters, or has been detected through gravitational lensing by very large clumps of dark matter. On the other hand, it is assumed that most of the medium-mass dark matter clumps that give the monster star a gravitational milli-lensing effect do not apply to either of these cases, and have therefore been overlooked. If more monster stars are discovered,It is also useful for estimating the abundance of medium-mass dark matter bubbles in the universe.I believe.

In addition, the dark matter that corresponds to the results observed at this time is “hot dark matter” made up of particles of a specific mass. (※ 4) or “acion” (※ 5) The possibility that the kinetic energy is small is almost excluded.”cold dark matter(cold dark matter) (※ 4) He suggests that observations of monstrous stars may not only be limited to finding distant stars, but may also provide important clues for exploring the distribution and nature of dark matter.

* 4 … If the dark matter is composed of some kind of particle, then there will be kinetic energy due to the movement of the particles. For ordinary matter, the stronger the particle motion, the higher the temperature. Therefore, we call matter with high kinetic energy relative to particle mass “hot dark matter” and matter with low kinetic energy “cold dark matter”.

* 5 … One of the elementary particles predicted by a new theory proposed to solve flaws and puzzles in the current theory of elementary particle physics. It is thought to have a very small but non-zero mass, making it a strong candidate for dark matter.

source

• JM Diego, et al. “JWST’s PEARLS: Mothra, a new kaiju star at z=2.091 highly magnified by MACS0416, and implications for dark matter models”. (arXiv)
• Michelle Star. “Giant Mothra Encounter: Super Rare ‘Kaiju’ Star Beast Discovery”. (scientific alert)
• JM Diego, et al. “Godzilla, a monster that lurks in the Sunburst Galaxy”. (astronomy and astrophysics)

Text: Rare Aya